Rodrigo Duterte’s Early Presidency

Christian B. Mendoza Speech 30 THX-3 2018 – 00308 Prof. Mary Jannette Pinzon A Duterte Reader: Critical Essays on Rodrigo Duterte's Early Presidency by Nicole Curato (editor) Philippine political landscape is always subject to change, with the emergence of conflicting political ideologies embodied and practiced by former and current political leaders. One of the defining beacons in the Philippine history was the 1986 EDSA People Power Revolution––a nonviolent mass demonstration that sought to overthrow the dictatorial regime of Ferdinand Marcos. Since then, governance in the Philippines has been consistent with â€Å"the reformist, albeit elitist, narrative of the liberal democratic regime† (Teehankee, 2016), as opposed to the authoritarian regime of Marcos. A shift to another form of government, however, does not necessarily mean that the country's condition would be improved in all aspects. In fact, people in authority have failed to deliver on their promises of initiating much needed reforms to conceive remarkable socioeconomic and political transformations. Therefore, the public's petition to bring about drastic solutions to the ills of the country was fulfilled by the sweeping electoral triumph of a former prosecutor and long-time mayor of Davao City, Rodrigo Roa Duterte, who now serves as the 16th and current president of the republic. Written by several scholars in academic disciplines, A Duterte Reader endeavors to understand the type of regime that the country now faces under the Duterte administration. It seeks to establish the factors that led to Duterte's landslide electoral victory in the 2016 presidential elections, and to examine the origin and level of support that the public has for his deadly â€Å"war on drugs,† which he vehemently declared to be the most pressing issue in the country. Moreover, the book sheds light on the legacy of American Imperialism in the country, and how it became a catalyst or one of the immediate causes to ignite a revolution among Filipino people, who have long been subject to systemic oppressions triggered by the machinations of the ruling class and the culture of elitism that it has instituted. The most striking parts of the book are the obvious manifestations of Duterte's presidential campaign slogan: â€Å"Change is coming.† Since his inauguration as the 16th President of the Philippines last June 30, 2016, these manifestations have surfaced in ways that prompted the public to engage in political discourse over all forms of social media. The driving force behind the citizens' political participation is that there is someone who finally recognizes their repressed anger towards social, economic and political injustices from which they have been suffering since the prevalence of elitism emanating from liberal democracy. To counter these injustices, Duterte has acutely focused on the obliteration of the illegal drug trade in the country through his controversial â€Å"war on drugs.† The rampant extrajudicial killings executed by corrupt police officers and vigilantes, who have no regard for the victims' human rights, are being justified by Duterte's portrayal of drug trade as something that poses a major threat to society and national security. Meanwhile, a certain chapter in the book was interesting to read in a sense that it is constantly encountered by people who use various social media platforms. Written by Cabaà ±es and Cornelio, The Rise of Trolls in the Philippines discusses the emergence of online political trolls, and its impact to promoting a democratic media in the country. This chapter also introduces Mocha Uson, a key figure in contemporary Philippine social media, who has branded herself as the voice of the ordinary people. The opportunity to enumerate the times when she has deliberately spread ‘fake news' in social media (Arias, 2017) was neglected by these two contributors. A Duterte Reader enables the readers to be mindful and critical of the affairs unfolding before their very eyes, especially in an era where the proliferation of disinformation, or commonly referred to as â€Å"fake news,† has hindered netizens from objectively engaging in political discourse online (Bueno, 2017). The book gives a panoramic view of the Philippine political history, starting from the historic EDSA Revolution to an impending shift to a federal system of government under the Duterte regime, which would certainly leave a long-lasting impact to the country's political landscape. In addition, the book allows the readers to scrutinize the reasons why some people constantly extend their support for Duterte, or why they should not turn a blind eye to how Duterte intends to solve these issues. Between the pages of the book is a message––similar to the one that went viral online last March 2018––for the readers to ponder on: â€Å"Kapag namulat ka sa katotohanan, kasalanan na ang pumikit,† roughly translating to: Once you've opened your eyes to the truth, it's a mistake to close them again. Based from the plethora of insights that the contributors have provided in this book, the readers should be able to discern this message. The book was written from a third-person point of view since the contributors wanted to discuss the factors affecting the politics of Duterte in an objective manner; thus, presenting both sides of the matter accordingly. The readers could somehow agree with what the contributors have stated regarding the several affairs of the country. They could observe the relevance of the information contained in the book when Duterte delivered his third State of the Nation Address (SONA) last July 23, 2018. He discussed the topics about different sectors such as businesses, conditions of the OFWs, his â€Å"War on Drugs,† foreign relations, agrarian sector, and tax reforms (Ranada, 2018). Some of the root causes of the points highlighted in his speech––persistent intervention of the American government in domestic political and economic affairs, and the incompetence of the previous administrations––have been thoroughly analyzed by the contributors. Moreover, it is important to recognize the contribution that the book offers to the public since everything they have included in the book is a product of Duterte's persuasive public speeches, which hinge on the three primary elements of Aristotle's Model of Communication: ethos, pathos and logos (Timonera, 2018). As each chapter is written through comprehensive research, coupled with an array of trustworthy references, the book could be included in the auxiliary reading materials for students of various academic fields, specifically students of politics; or could be used by authors and researchers as their reference material when writing about certain issues that the book failed to include. Nevertheless, the book is certainly for anyone who wants to fathom this confounding event in the history of Philippine politics. References:Arias, J. (2017). A list of Mocha Uson's fake news posts. Preen. Retrieved from http://preen.inquirer.net/58185/a-list-of-mocha-usons-fake-news-postsBueno, A. (2017). The anatomy of ‘fake news.' CNN Philippines. Retrieved from http://cnnphilippines.com/life/culture/politics/2017/10/12/fake-news-anatomy.htmlRanada, P. (2018). Quick point-by-point summary of Duterte's SONA 2018. Rappler. Retrieved from https://www.rappler.com/nation/208050-duterte-sona-2018-philippines-summaryTeehankee, J. C. (2016). Weak state, strong presidents: Situating the Duterte presidency in Philippine political time. Journal of Developing Societies, 32(3), 1-29. doi: 10.1177/0169796X16654594Timonera, P. G. (2018). The rhetoric of President Duterte's speeches and the Aristotelian conception of the rhetoric and public sphere.Paper presented at 25th World Congress of Political Science, Brisbane, Australia. Retrieved from https://wc2018.ipsa.org/sites/default/files/ipsa-events/wc2018/papers/paper- 101491-2018-07-01t111647-0400.pdf

Mats Ek Carmen

This essay will analyze and discuss one of Europe's most creative and influential dance-makers, the Swedish dancer and choreographer Mats Ek; acclaimed for the theatricality and immediacy of his work while his contribution and development through the dance field with the main focus on his revision of the classical ballet stories. It will also discuss one of his major works Carmen and relate it with the original one. Mats Ek is a prominent and controversial figure of the contemporary dance.He has his own choreographic style and his work in contemporary dance choreography is contested. He was born in 1945. Eks mother, and his big influence, was the famous dancer and choreographer Birgit Cullberg, the founder of the world wide recognized, Cullberg Ballet Company. As said before, his mother was a huge influence for Ek. Therefore one can see that both, Mats Ek and Birgit Cullberg, choreographic style has a lot of same characteristics such as the attention of psychological characterization , the sensitive portrayal of humans feelings and the humorous episodes. In performance we see a fantasy world so unwaveringly strange and characters so imperiously dysfunctional we're genuinely compelled†¦ Ek may ask his dancers to go to some very odd places but the Cullberg Ballet follows him with ardent alacrity† (Judith Mackrell, the Guardian. ) In 1974–5, Ek was a member of the Deutsche Oper am Rhein, Dusseldorf, and then made his choreographic debut in 1976 with The Officer’s Servant, for the Cullberg Ballet, the first of many of his works formed on them. In 1980 he became the artistic director of the Ballet Cullberg and a member of the Nederland’s Dance Theatre.He also worked and created pieces with many great dance companies. Mats Ek in well known for his revisionist versions of the classic ballets. He has also created his own work and most of the time his pieces have to do a lot with humor. However in reworking ballet classics, Ek likes to kee p the characters alive so as to always provide an inner emotion to the characters emotions and contrasts. The characters in his pieces,in contrast to the classic ones, have an emotional world of much more intense than usually and the relationship between them has a greater depth.Although he is revising the original pieces, he never forgets to stay true to the original context of the work and as far as the music is concerned he always uses the original one with very slight changes only to suit the new dramatic structure. Mats Eks key word, is clarity, despite the fact that he aims for clarity, this does not imply that he also uses simplicity in his pieces. â€Å"I was never interested in keeping to the classical traditions as such, What I want to explore are the underlying fairy tales that convey fundamental human issues love, deceit, pain, goodness.The classics have become cliches, and we have forgotten how they came to be and what they imply. We know them so well; they cease to ha ve meaning for our time. † (Mats Ek) Mats Ek is very often labeled that he relates his choreographies with the politics of the time that the choreographies are being made. This is not however right because none of Mr. Eks choreographies can be regarded as a political manifesto. In his pieces, the strong images and the dramatic situations will occasionally lead into humorous episodes. Humor, is one of Eks main characteristics throughout his pieces and as mentioned previously in the report so is his mother’s.By using humor in his dances, this does not mean that the pieces lose their tension. Since Mats Ek also studied theatre, most of the time his creations are a lot more dramatic than usual and this can be detected in every one of his pieces (Fifty Contemporary Choreographers, Pages 144-146). â€Å"Ek has a vivid theatricality and gift for genuine surprises†¦ his theatricality is matched by a full-out dance language that merges the sophisticated with the primitive. I became aware of just how much meaning Ek can compress into his pieces† (Nadine Meisner, the Independent).Ek’s style has become distinctive for its imaginative interpretations of storylines, in combination with a lyrical approach which transfers through movement the underlying emotions and feelings rather than just the narrative detail. His choreographic style and vocabulary is mainly from his ballet training, his relationship and dance experience with his mother and his collaboration with the Nederland Dance Theatre. Although Ek has rejected the conventional codes of classic ballet, it is clear in his pieces the he uses a lot of ballet technique.This can be found within the jumps, turns and footwork that he uses within his movement vocabulary. At the same time though, Ek uses a lot of contemporary movements such as drop of the pelvis, a lot of floor work and body weight. He manages to relate both styles with a unique and wonderful way in order for everything to look good and lovely. (Fifty Contemporary Choreographers, Pages 147-148) â€Å" Ek has done a great deal to enlarge how women are portrayed on stage, especially in the ballet classics. His â€Å"Giselle† and â€Å"Carmen† offer intense reimagining’s of  their heroines†. (Keeping dance alive: a Mats Eks portrait.Claudia La Rocco, TV classics) Let’s now move on to one of his most famous and great works, Carmen. Originally, Carmen was first performed in Paris on 3 March, 1875. Written by Georges Bizet. The story is about a temptress, Carmen, and her lover Don Jose who sacrifices his devoted lady, Micaela, to pursue his manly passions for Carmen. Jose, angry by her sexual behavior and blinded by his own rage, kills Carmen, thus bringing upon himself his own devastation resulting in death. The opera is set in Spain and the story line is more complex than the original novel by Prosper Merimee.The character of Carmen was too offensive for family theatre. Alt hough Carmen appeals to popular culture, the opera still attracts academic discourse as the spirit of Spain is personified in the character of Carmen. It is clear that in order for Carmen to be represented as a whore, she had to be black. That suited the beliefs of that time being, that the color of her skin will make her bad and evil. Moreover the color of her skin makes her also more exotic than any European and this will make her more desirable to the male audience and maybe more hated by women.In 1999 Mats Ek revised the Spanish classic Carmen to audiences all over the world. This version of Carmen is currently in the repertoire of the Royal Ballet, Cullberg Ballet, Lyon Opera Ballet, National Theatre, Ballet of Prague and the Polish National Opera Ballet. Ek in his pieces in general manages to show each character’s psychological aspect in depth. In Carmen, one can see that he presents Carmen as this woman who is complicated and has a complex behavior. That is what he usu ally does in his pieces, he presents all the women as very complicated and sexual creatures.In his choreography Ek is trying to keep the original features of the opera; but in order to attract more modern audiences he makes some changes so that the audience, in that time being, will be able to relate with the characters (Fifty Contemporary Choreographers, Pages 144-145). For example, the sexual behavior of Carmen in the piece is very important for the story line. However in the original piece it was not that clear. In Mats Ek version though, the sexuality is clearer and more understanding for the audience. Generally Eks version explores the actual human behavior as it is in real life.He pushes the male-female role reversal between the sexually free gypsy girl and the soldier Don Jose beyond safe boundaries, substituting a cigar for the familiar rose between Carmen's teeth, turning her into one of the boys( Cigar Crossed Lovers, David Bogoslaw, 1999). That cigar shows that she has a masculine soul in a woman’s body. (Carmen, 2010)   Carmen is a symbol of freedom and anarchy and can have as much freedom as she wants. In contrast, Jose is a traditional feminine role, a weak character that wants peace and a marriage, but cannot control his passions for Carmen in spite that he is going to marry Micaela.Eks Carmen begins and ends with a scene of a man, Jose, facing a firing squad and recalling in the last moments before death his tempestuous liaison with the gypsy girl who refused to be tamed. The dance then retells the story of the progressing love affair between Carmen and Jose. Eks choreographing style in this performance is a combination of both, ballet and modern dance. As they first dance together, Carmen and Jose, is like she is slowly explaining to him, throughout the dance, how she is and how she likes to live her life.He also tries to show her that he is a military man with a lot of discipline. At the beginning of the piece their movements are mor e aggressive, but as soon as they fell in love their movements become more soft and gentle. This change of the movement shows how they started to feel comfortable with each other as time passed (Janet Adshead, 1988, Dance Analysis: Theory and practice, Pages: 72-75). Carmen’s movement style initially is aggressive and masculine while it is becoming more beautiful as the story evolves.However, the fact that Jose is carrying the rose and Carmen the cigar, this shows that she is still the â€Å"man† in their relationship (As Willful As Ever And Puffing On a Cigar Anna Kisselgoff, The New York Times. 1999). Another example of how the movement shows the emotional world and the relationship between the characters is when there is a trio between Carmen, Jose and Escamillo, who is the reason why Carmen does not love Jose anymore. He is the new love of her heart and that makes Jose angry. In the trio the two men’s jealousy is extremely obvious throughout the dancing move ment.There is imitation and repetition between each ones movement and the fact that they keep a certain distance between one another, shows the jealousy between them. At the end of the trio, when Carmen is going to strike Jose’s face, it becomes clear that she does not love him anymore. More over there is Michaela’s character which is also made clear through her movements. At the beginning she is dancing in a shy way but after she gets really angry with Jose and Carmen, thus her way of movement changes. She begins to be more aggressive and dynamic in terms of movement vocabulary and that is a reflection of her emotional world.The music in Eks choreography, as mentioned above, is faithful to the original one by French composer  Georges Bizet. The only difference is that is being used for different purposes in the story. In the original opera the music is a guide for the progress of the plot. In Mats Ek piece however, the music is not really needed to explain the plot or the relationship between the characters. It is there to create a mood in the piece. One thing that is really different from the original opera, in terms of sounds, is that in Mats Ek piece the dancers are sometimes talking and shouting. This adds a dynamic touch to the whole piece.Shouting is also more realistic than just singing opera. Carmen is wearing the same color of costume in both versions and almost in every version that has been created in the world. Red is the color of passion and sexuality. Thus, when the audience first sees Carmen, immediately understands her character and that she is a temptress. Micaela, in contrast to Carmen, wears blue, a color that symbolizes her innocence and that she is fragile. The street ladies costumes in Eks piece show their character and their Spanish ethnicity in contradiction to the original opera costumes that are showing the class and there social status.Ek uses very colorful, shiny and ruffled dresses that are a throwback to the 80s, in order to show that all women have sexuality. The costumes of the men are very simple and dark, just to show their discipline, as they are military men. The designs and sets in Eks Carmen are cartoonish and with playful colors. In terms of light, he tries to keep it dark. There is a metallic backdrop and panels which are suggestive of Spanish fans, as well as a large exercise ball downstage.In Mats Ek version of Carmen, there is a deeper reflection of all the characters emotional world. Carmen is clearly a symbol of Freedom and anarchy with an even more complex nature than the one of the classic story. That is what Mats Ek does anyway. Except from changing the classics into more modern and humorous editions, the thing that makes him special is how he deals with the inner world of each character. He manages to present each character, throughout the dance, in a very intense way so that the audience can understand for sure the characters personality.However he keeps the original stor y as it is, and he aims to show the same meaning as the original piece while at the same time he tries to explore a bit more the relationship between the characters. All of the above lead to Ek’s success when revising the classic stories. He remains faithful to the original story but however he does it not only with a more modern vocabulary but also with a more modern approach to suit the present. â€Å"Much like Bizet's opera of the same name, Mr. Ek's version proves that a grim tale of love and death can be downright entertaining† (As Willful As Ever And Puffing On a Cigar Anna Kisselgoff, The New York Times. 999). It seems that Carmen will continue to appeal the audiences for years to come. Mats Ek Carmen will also continue to be popular to the audience because of the emotional and dramatic state of Mr. Eks pieces. He is a choreographer that distant himself from anybody else in the dance field. He is very original and successful with his choreographies and it is no wonder that he is so famous and he has achieved so much. He is an extremely talented choreographer with a lot of theatrical ideas and that is what makes him so special throughout all these years! Bibliography:Adshead, J. 1988. Dance analysis theory and practice. London: Dance books Bremser M. and Sanders L. Fifty Contemporary Choreographers. Second Edition. 2011. Roudledge Au S. Ballet and Modern dance. 1998. Thames and Hudson world of Art. Articles: As Willful As Ever And Puffing On a Cigar Anna Kisselgoff, The New York Times. 1999 Websites: Linda. 2010. Carmen. http://www. theballetbag. com Peter Grahame Woolf. 1996. Mat’s Ek Carmen. http://www. musicweb-international. com Claudia La Rocco. Keeping dance alive: A Mat’s Ek Portrait. http://www. classicaltv. com

Safety

Safety means protecting ourselves from any danger that may hurt us or endanger to our lives. Unsafe practice is a great peril to both life and property. A two wheeler rider who rides recklessly not only risks his own life, but also the other road users. School children getting run over by their same school vans or getting knocked down while crossing the road or getting drowned in die pond or falling from high places or getting electrocuted and so on; such news appear in the newspapers. This is because of their lack of knowledge about overall safety, be it 011 die road or anywhere. While crossing die road, they must not run across in blind panic. Wait till the traffic policeman or the green ‘Walk’ signal appear. Even then look for some vehicle drivers who jump signals and cross die road with the others. Safety means protecting ourselves from any danger that may hurt us or endanger to our lives. Unsafe practice is a great peril to both life and property. A two wheeler rider who rides recklessly not only risks his own life, but also the other road users. School children getting run over by their same school vans or getting knocked down while crossing the road or getting drowned in die pond or falling from high places or getting electrocuted and so on; such news appear in the newspapers. This is because of their lack of knowledge about overall safety, be it 011 die road or anywhere. While crossing die road, they must not run across in blind panic. Wait till the traffic policeman or the green ‘Walk’ signal appear. Even then look for some vehicle drivers who jump signals and cross die road with the others. Safety means protecting ourselves from any danger that may hurt us or endanger to our lives. Unsafe practice is a great peril to both life and property. A two wheeler rider who rides recklessly not only risks his own life, but also the other road users. School children getting run over by their same school vans or getting knocked down while crossing the road or getting drowned in die pond or falling from high places or getting electrocuted and so on; such news appear in the newspapers. This is because of their lack of knowledge about overall safety, be it 011 die road or anywhere. While crossing die road, they must not run across in blind panic. Wait till the traffic policeman or the green ‘Walk’ signal appear. Even then look for some vehicle drivers who jump signals and cross die road with the others. Safety means protecting ourselves from any danger that may hurt us or endanger to our lives. Unsafe practice is a great peril to both life and property. A two wheeler rider who rides recklessly not only risks his own life, but also the other road users. School children getting run over by their same school vans or getting knocked down while crossing the road or getting drowned in die pond or falling from high places or getting electrocuted and so on; such news appear in the newspapers. This is because of their lack of knowledge about overall safety, be it 011 die road or anywhere. While crossing die road, they must not run across in blind panic. Wait till the traffic policeman or the green ‘Walk’ signal appear. Even then look for some vehicle drivers who jump signals and cross die road with the others. Safety means protecting ourselves from any danger that may hurt us or endanger to our lives. Unsafe practice is a great peril to both life and property. A two wheeler rider who rides recklessly not only risks his own life, but also the other road users. School children getting run over by their same school vans or getting knocked down while crossing the road or getting drowned in die pond or falling from high places or getting electrocuted and so on; such news appear in the newspapers. This is because of their lack of knowledge about overall safety, be it 011 die road or anywhere. While crossing die road, they must not run across in blind panic. Wait till the traffic policeman or the green ‘Walk’ signal appear. Even then look for some vehicle drivers who jump signals and cross die road with the others. Safety means protecting ourselves from any danger that may hurt us or endanger to our lives. Unsafe practice is a great peril to both life and property. A two wheeler rider who rides recklessly not only risks his own life, but also the other road users. School children getting run over by their same school vans or getting knocked down while crossing the road or getting drowned in die pond or falling from high places or getting electrocuted and so on; such news appear in the newspapers. This is because of their lack of knowledge about overall safety, be it 011 die road or anywhere. While crossing die road, they must not run across in blind panic. Wait till the traffic policeman or the green ‘Walk’ signal appear. Even then look for some vehicle drivers who jump signals and cross die road with the others. Safety means protecting ourselves from any danger that may hurt us or endanger to our lives. Unsafe practice is a great peril to both life and property. A two wheeler rider who rides recklessly not only risks his own life, but also the other road users. School children getting run over by heir same school vans or getting knocked down while crossing the road or getting drowned in die pond or falling from high places or getting electrocuted and so on; such news appear in the newspapers. This is because of their lack of knowledge about overall safety, be it 011 die road or anywhere. While crossing die road, they must not run across in blind panic. Wait till the traffic policeman or the green ‘Walk’ signal appear. Even then look for some vehicle drivers who jump signals and cross die road with the others. Safety means protecting ourselves from any danger that may hurt us or endanger to our lives. Unsafe practice is a great peril to both life and property. A two wheeler rider who rides recklessly not only risks his own life, but also the other road users. School children getting run over by their same school vans or getting knocked down while crossing the road or getting drowned in die pond or falling from high places or getting electrocuted and so on; such news appear in the newspapers. This is because of their lack of knowledge about overall safety, be it 011 die road or anywhere. While crossing die road, they must not run across in blind panic. Wait till the traffic policeman or the green ‘Walk’ signal appear. Even then look for some vehicle drivers who jump signals and cross die road with the others. Safety means protecting ourselves from any danger that may hurt us or endanger to our lives. Unsafe practice is a great peril to both life and property. A two wheeler rider who rides recklessly not only risks his own life, but also the other road users. School children getting run over by their same school vans or getting knocked down while crossing the road or getting drowned in die pond or falling from high places or getting electrocuted and so on; such news appear in the newspapers. This is because of their lack of knowledge about overall safety, be it 011 die road or anywhere. While crossing die road, they must not run across in blind panic. Wait till the traffic policeman or the green ‘Walk’ signal appear. Even then look for some vehicle drivers who jump signals and cross die road with the others. Safety means protecting ourselves from any danger that may hurt us or endanger to our lives. Unsafe practice is a great peril to both life and property. A two wheeler rider who rides recklessly not only risks his own life, but also the other road users. School children getting run over by their same school vans or getting knocked down while crossing the road or getting drowned in die pond or falling from high places or getting electrocuted and so on; such news appear in the newspapers. This is because of their lack of knowledge about overall safety, be it 011 die road or anywhere. While crossing die road, they must not run across in blind panic. Wait till the traffic policeman or the green ‘Walk’ signal appear. Even then look for some vehicle drivers who jump signals and cross die road with the others. Safety means protecting ourselves from any danger that may hurt us or endanger to our lives. Unsafe practice is a great peril to both life and property. A two wheeler rider who rides recklessly not only risks his own life, but also the other road users. School children getting run over by their same school vans or getting knocked down while crossing the road or getting drowned in die pond or falling from high places or getting electrocuted and so on; such news appear in the newspapers. This is because of their lack of knowledge about overall safety, be it 011 die road or anywhere. While crossing die road, they must not run across in blind panic. Wait till the traffic policeman or the green ‘Walk’ signal appear. Even then look for some vehicle drivers who jump signals and cross die road with the others.

Accepted change management framework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Accepted change management framework - Essay Example Subsequently, this paper describes the degree to which the organization followed the change management framework. Ascension Health is an example of a health care organization or institution that has undergone transformational change. Ascension Health can be described as a nonprofit health institution with outlets in twenty states in the United States. According to the Commonwealth Fund (2006), "Ascension Health is the largest catholic and largest nonprofit health care system in the United States, includes sixty seven acute care facilities staffed by one hundred and six thousand associates in twenty states and the District of Columbia" (p. A1). At one time, this health organization recognized the main sources of unnecessary and avoidable injuries as well as fatalities within their health. Therefore, the organization instigated or initiated a process of transformational change that was geared towards reducing and subsequently eradicating these quandaries within a span of five years. The transformational change that was planned by Ascension Health involved the recognition and classification of pra ctically each and every part of the health care delivery system within the institution that was the source or otherwise led to any fatalities or injuries to individuals seeking care. This was followed by methodical operations and activities geared towards identifying and as well widening or extending superlative plans of action in order to radically develop and advance patients safety within affected departments and units. There are various theories that have been developed over the past to elucidate the process of change in organizations. One of the examples of the theories applicable in this case is Koters model. The initial steep of transformational change according to Kotter is the institution or creation of a sense of exigency or importance (Kotter, 1995). For any change

Capital punishment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Capital punishment - Research Paper Example At present capital punishment is abolished in maximum countries but there are some countries like USA, India and China where it is still practiced though in the rarest of the rare cases. The idea behind capital punishment crops from the medieval concept which means to repay back in blood for the blood taken. Their thinking behind favoring capital punishment is that it reduced state expenses by putting the person to death immediately, sending a strong message to the society against the crime and thus allows a retribution of the crime. The argument can thus be stated that As capital punishment or death penalty is a debatable issue, there are many scholarly reviews that focused on both the aspects of this situation. The paper would focus on those scholarly resources where death penalty has been favored over its abolishment. In the article â€Å"Should we reintroduce the death penalty?† capital punishment has been shown to be favored by the people of Australia. In the article it was seen that people of Australia reacted in favor of capital punishment over a particularly brutal murder of a nurse named Anita Cobby in 1986 (Should we reintroduce the death penalty?, 1990, p.6). The article was divided into two groups of persons. The group against it said that it was the most barbaric and medieval form of torture inflicted on the person. It could increase violence. The group favoring it said that death penalty helped to reduce the threat to the social order as in the absence of such an extreme measure, solidarity of the society could be hampered. They also argued that imprisonment cannot guarantee that upon release the person would not commit the same crime again. They also stated that keeping a criminal in prison would simple add up to the cost of the state economy (Should we reintroduce the death pe nalty?, 1990, p.6). So it would be judicious

To what extent do electronic cimmerce influence the lifestyle of Research Paper

To what extent do electronic cimmerce influence the lifestyle of lancaster people - Research Paper Example People who utilise e-commerce are influenced by many factors that drive desire to use the Internet or other mobile technologies. These include free delivery of product, the ability of the seller to ensure accuracy of order fulfilment and exchange and return opportunities. Research has also shown that there is even more incentive when sellers reduce potential risks, such as privacy and payment security (Makhija and Stewart 2002). These factors tend to influence increased use of e-commerce as a lifestyle tool. However, there is a gap in literature about, specifically, Lancaster residents and whether e-commerce influences their lifestyles and is deemed a relevant and valuable method of shopping or conducting other business. This study maintains the ability to gain an understanding of a specific geographic region and the extent to which e-commerce is considered a constructive and beneficial tool. According to Price (2014), e-commerce is becoming a widespread trend in consumer shopping, with buyers spending 23 percent of every British Pound spent on shopping in the e-commerce environment. What attributes to this growing trend for an industry now worth  £17 billion? Asfend-e-yar and Tjoa (2013) assert that social familiarity with computer science improves acquaintance with online shopping, making the industry flourish. Furthermore, online shopping maintains fewer costs to the purchaser, including labour expenditures and economics. This is due to the fact that e-commerce sellers have much less overhead costs than in a traditional bricks-and-mortar retail outlet (Lamson-Hall 2013). This has implications on whether a company can provide attractive pricing, facilitated by a more streamlined distribution system allowing for more price-conscious movement of inventories that translates into a better opportunity for buyers. Hence, e-commerce can facilitate more convenient and simpli stic shopping experiences than in traditional bricks-and-mortar retail outlets. There

An event that happened during my childhood that changed my life Essay

An event that happened during my childhood that changed my life - Essay Example On arrival, we found mum had prepared the most delicious roasted chicken I had eaten in a long time. Over dinner, the usual question regarding plans for the holiday popped up. My father had planned for us to visit our grandma all the way in Spain. Grandma Louis was our favourite grandparent and our visits there were always filled with much exhilaration. Not only this but also my father planned for us to travel by road!! The joy I felt in my heart was immeasurable. We had always begged our father to let us travel to Spain by road since the sights along the way were breath taking. He always refused because the trip was too dangerous especially because his own father had died through a road accident. To date we are yet to know what he had changed his mind. The night before our journey sleep evaded me. I packed and repacked my belongings carefully counterchecking it against my list. As was custom we said pour prayers before setting off for what would be a journey to change my life. As my father drove our brand new Cadillac, we sang songs to keep him company. Story telling happened to be my sister’s favourite past time and in no time we were engrossed in one of her stories. â€Å"Watch your language young lady!!† my father repeatedly warned my sister. The pain in my ribs was nerve wrecking, almost as if someone was pushing a dagger into my ribs. I blinked severally before opening my eyes to see my dad’s limp body around me. â€Å"Dad! Dad! Wake up!!† My mother and sister were also unconscious in the back seat with blood all over their bodies. It was then that the cold harsh reality hit me. We had fallen in a gorge fifty metres below the road. What am I to do? I wondered. Painfully, I got myself from below the wreckage, and went over to the back. My mother and sister still had a pulse albeit a weak one and showed no signs of regaining consciousness. My knowledge of first aid was sparse owing to the fact that I had slept throughout much of the class sessions. It was then that I realised that without doing something drastic, I would watch their lives slip right through my fingers. I decided to walk to the nearest police station. With broken ribs and a fractured leg I pulled myself together and started the journey. It seemed like hours before I found elderly couple and explained my predicament. They called an ambulance who on arrival pronounced my father dead while my mother, sister and I were rushed to the nearest hospital. I healed quickly and took on the responsibility of nursing my sister and mother back to health. It was very difficult for me to break the sad news of my dad’s demise to them but when I did we found comfort in each others’ sorrow. The harrowing experience particularly the loss of my loving dad changed our lives forever. The most invaluable lesson that I learnt is resilience and that everything happens for a reason. I am much stronger than before and well prepared to face life’s c hallenges with a smile (Mallenby, 2007: 123). Additionally, I learnt that friendship is one of the best gifts one can have. My best friend was there for me through the whole experience and encouraged me to get my life back and that not all was lost. My religious stand point also changed since I was an atheist before the accident, now I am a staunch Christian who believes in the power of prayer. I have learnt to respect my mother more as she took up the responsibility of taking care of us since our father’s untimely demise. Although the experience of losing

Virtual Learning Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Virtual Learning Environment - Essay Example There are various advantages associated with the use of ILT and the VLE as educational learning supporting tools. Accessibility is one such advantage associated with the use of VLE, mainly for students with special needs, and for those of part time and distance learning (Herman, 2004 p120). Since the tools associated with the VLE can be accessed from any point by the students, it allows tutors to address their students through channels such as videos, voice and sounds as well as pictures. Thus, this creates conveniences for students who cannot present themselves to class due to various reasons. Students with special needs who may have difficulties attending to such classes can sit at the convenience of their rooms and access the lesson from there. Better, is the convenience created for the distance-learning students who may not be able to travel to a certain country to access the education program but can easily access it from their mother countries through VLE. Part time students ca n also attend to the lessons at their convenient time, since they may not be able to present themselves during the class time, as they may be occupied with their jobs or other activities (Herman, 2004 p133). VLE is also beneficial to students who are slow learners, since it allows them to repeat the lessons taught later on, at their own pace, so they can understand better. The other advantage associated with VLE is the interactivity it provides the parties involved in the learning process. There is a great deal of interactivity between the students and their teachers, which involves instant feedbacks given to the questions asked by the students to their teachers. The teacher can easily access the progress of the student and thus correct them instantly on the mistakes they make in the process of undertaking their assignment, as there is no time lag between the presentation of the assignment and the marking (Herman, 2004 p125). VLE affords an opportunity for students to undertake thei r learning activities in a self-directed manner, thus allowing them to understand and synthesize all the details in a particular lesson. The other element of interactivity created by VLE is the customization of the learning process and activities, whereby the students learning process are individualized, enhancing their understanding of the content of the lessons taught (Herman, 2004 p118). Since the students are involved in the actual undertaking of the activities as prescribed in the VLE learning guide, they happen to understand the content better. Communication is a great advantage provided by VLE as a learning tool. Such facilities as the bulletin boards as provided by this tool serves to enhance the communication between the student and the tutor. This facility can be utilized as a means of evaluating the sources that the students can refer to regarding the lessons and topic they are learning (Herman, 2004 p130). This facility is an effective communication tool for distance lea rning, by offering real time communication. Communication is also enhanced through group work, which is a vital and relevant part of learning for students. More important is the alerts that this facility allows the students, notifying them when the teacher is available to address their issues (Herman, 2004 p119). Communication is enhanced through a structured program thus affording the students an opportunity to undertake revision throughout the

Raw Milk US National Marketing Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Raw Milk US National Marketing Strategy - Essay Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that retail Raw Milk includes fluid whole milk, hand-skimmed cream, and milk, which has been hand-skimmed. This means a plant cannot use a homogenizer, separator or any other automated apparatus to isolated raw milk from cream. Retail Raw Milk does not include chocolate or flavored milk, or cultured fluid milk. It cannot be applied in producing other food products such as yogurt, butter, puddings, or ice cream. Despite recommendations by the American Academy of Paediatrics (AAP), American Medical Association (AMA), Centres for Disease Control (CDC), and Food and Drug Administration (FDA) that raw milk not be sold directly to consumers due to it having harmful bacteria like Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella, Escherichia coli 0157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes, raw milk sale is legal in 32 (64%) of the American states. 9 states have made it illegal to sell raw milk, 17 have made it illegal to sell raw milk for human consumption, while the remain ing states have some form of legislation that regulates raw milk trade and consumption. It is projected that there may be changes in raw milk-associated legislation as more states debate the issue. There are no laws prohibiting raw milk sale for other animals’ consumptions though there is, however, a federal ban on interstate trade on raw milk for human consumption. Raw milk, from cattle fed in the grass, has been promoted as a source of naturally occurring conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and antimicrobials in solution. It is important to note that production of raw milk follows more stringent hygiene standards than milk meant for processing/ Raw milk is a low involvement product as it is cheaper than processed milk, frequently purchased as a matter of routine, and has a short shelf life. For the low involvement products, the consumer gives very little thought and forms no feeling of the product until after purchase and consumption.

An Analysis of Freuds Critique of Religion Essay Example for Free

An Analysis of Freuds Critique of Religion Essay In his book Future of an Illusion, Sigmund Freud critique uses his method of psychoanalysis on religion. By comparing the relationship between human and religion to that of a child and his parents Freud effectively demonstrates that religion is a product of the human mind. After exposing religion as a an illusion Freud concludes that humanity will be better off when it has forgone religion. This paper will argue that Freuds assertion that religion is an illusion is correct because of its blatantly traceable evolution through the history of the human civilization and psyche. The first argument that Freud makes in his assault on religion regards civilization. Freud argues that human civilization arose as a result of mankinds needs to protect itself from nature. It was precisely because of these dangers with which nature threatens us that we came together and created civilization. (Freud 19) As a result of the need for organization and manpower to prepare defenses against nature, the instincts of men had to be controlled. He furthers this argument by saying that two human traits, laziness and the unwilling nature of the masses to listen to reason are responsible for the necessity of the rule of law. Freud then describes the various methods of coercion that can be employed by civilization to halt instinctual privation. The most important of which he points out as being religion. The main reasons that Freud ranks religion as being/having been the most important tool in civilization are its ability to explain the various inequities and inexplicable phenomena that afflict human civilization. Freud points out how ancient civilizations used religion to humanize nature. By making these natural terrors beings that could be dealt with just like men it allowed people the chance to react to and have the illusion of influence on nature. He also illuminates with slight sarcasm how convenient religion is in its ability to rectify all the trials and tribulations of life for us. Everything that happens in this world is an expression of the intentions of an intelligence superior to us, which in the end, though its ways and byways are difficult to follow, orders everything for the best. (Freud 23) The existence of this divine creature who creates justice for us ensures that the masses will not stray from the laws and tenets of religion  and society for fear of being judged by this entity. Religion is also valuable to civilization for its ability to explain death. Thanks to religion, death became something other than simply the termination of a life. Death stopped being the end and was recasted into the role of a doorway to another existence. As though knowing that the continuation of life were not enough, religion furthers its own appeal by promising that the afterlife will be better than life on Earth. The afterlife itself also serves a function as well. A desire to gain entry into this afterlife will cause many of the masses to renounce their instincts. Another argument Freud makes is how religion is an attempt to fill in the gaps where civilization and the pursuit of life cannot make individuals happy. He says that, The urge to rectify the shortcomings of civilization which made themselves painfully felt is fulfilled by religion. (Freud 27) This can be seen throughout modern society in many different forms. It is telling that quite often individuals who are extremely ill, paralyzed, poor, or otherwise frowned upon by civilization and culture tend to be more religious. Later Freud turns his argument to the legal historical proof surrounding religions. Using an analogy of a child learning geography and simply accepting on faith that the places he sees on a map exist rather than going on a journey around the world, Freud attacks religious doctrines. He does this by pointing out that though the child takes on faith what he sees on the map, he could take a journey around the world and see for himself that these places indeed exist. He then applies this same manner of thinking to religious doctrines when he asks what these kind of claims these doctrines are founded on and why we should believe them? The answers he says are that they were believed by our ancestors and that it is forbidden to question them. Freud points out that it is the latter point which highlights societys own awareness of the insecurity of the claim it makes on behalf of its religious doctrines. (Freud 33) The own paranoia that religions have of even questioned shows how much they realize that their beliefs do not follow reason. As Freud shows us the early church recognized this all too well when it instituted a doctrine that maintained that religious doctrines  do fall under the microscope of reason. The most common religious document of all time, The Bible, holds a particular Proverb that further illustrates the paranoia or religion against reason. Trust in the Lord with all your heart and lean not on your own understanding. (Proverbs 3:5) Another important concept that Freud uses to critique religion can be found in his broad background in psychology. He alludes greatly the Oedipus complex in his dealings with God and the individual. According to Freud, humankind is similar to a child who needs to be protected and supported in his/her everyday life, thus he/she sees God as supportive, protective father. Freud gives his own theories far too much justice in this regard. One does not need to regard God as a father-figure to believe in him. There are many people who believe in God but do not accept God as a beneficent omnipotent being. However, we cannot say that Freud in his genius could not apply psychoanalysis to these other divinations of God and rectify them to individual situations. Freuds best argument in favor of religions existence as an illusion is when he describes the convenient nature of religion to particular times of civilization. Freud says that we know approximately at what periods and by what kind of men religious doctrines were created. He also argues that it is very telling how religion tells us almost exactly what we want to hear. We shall tell ourselves that it would be very nice if there were a God who created the world and was a benevolent providence, and if there were a moral order in the universe and an afterlife; but it is a very striking fact that all this is exactly as we are bound to wish it to be. (Freud 42) Freuds assertion that religions are in fact illusions created to deceive men into reunouncing their instincts for the advancement of civilization is based entirely on generalizations about all religions. These generalizations, however, can be well supported when one looks back throughout history. Religion could easily be compared to a chameleon that changes its color to fit whatever the needs of civilization are to survive. It is ironic that religion can be traced throughout history as being so adaptable given the intransigent foundations of religion. Whether or not religions really are illusions as Freuds ultimate conclusion states, there is undoubtedly a clear link between religion and the evolution of civilization. A fantastic example of religion changing its color in order to better fit the evolution of civilization can be seen in the ancient Order of the Knights of the Temple Mount or Knights Templar. The Knights Templar in the middle ages were created to be the shock troops for Europes holy war against the infidels. When this war was lost and the military arm of the knights were no longer needed, the organization was systematically eliminated. Its leaders were charged with heresy and killed and its wealth was confiscated, simply because the organizations purpose no longer coincide with church doctrine. Another great example of religious adaptability can be seen in the evolution of Christianity in Rome. As the old religions in Rome were in decline and material decadence had taken over, Christianity appeared over the horizon as one of the saving graces of the Roman empire. As the threat from barbarians grew in on the empires borders grew, so did Christianity place in Rome. It was eventually elevated to being the state religion under the empire Diocletian. Even Christianity would not be able to save Rome from the barbarian hordes. In their hour of defeat Romans were undoubtedly able to pray and ask for salvation from Christ. It is interesting that such a doctrine would arise shortly before a time of annihilation. Finally, it is important to note the role of religion in capitalism. Capitalism, as pointed out by Marx, is a vastly unfavorable system of economy for many people. While some would argue that it allows people the freedom make their own destinies, others would say that capitalism traps some in a cycle of poverty. Either way, those who are born poor are in a highly disadvantaged situation to those who are rich. That is, in this world. With religion and the afterlife, all are on an equal playing field. In fact, the poor even have quite an advantage. It is easier for a camel to pass through the eye of a needle than for a rich man to enter the kingdom of God (Matthew 19:24). This type of thinking has been fundamental for the stability of capitalism throughout history. No amount of earthly wealth  could ever compare to the golden paved streets of heaven and eternal bliss. Freuds critique of religion demonstrates the disturbing correlations between religion and civilization and shows us the true motives behind religions existence. Freud proves that religion was a product of the human necessity to protect itself from nature and the need that arose from there to stop our own instincts from destroying our creations. In conclusion, Freud disproved the claims of religious doctrines as being divinely originated, but he did not disprove God. His belief that it was time for civilization to grow up from religion may be correct but it will never happen. Religion is far too embedded in civilization to ever be removed by simply showing the educated its true purpose. Like life on this planet, religion has adapted to whatever environment our 8000 year old civilization has placed it. Even if everyone knew religion to be nothing but an illusion, that knowledge alone would not be enough to make that illusion disappear from the psyche of humanity. People would have to have a conscious desire to not believe in religion for it to be eliminated. This desire to discover the truth would be outweighed by the desire of a majority of humanity to rectify the inexplicable world of death and injustice to their own lives.

States and Properties of Crystalline Material

States and Properties of Crystalline Material The crystalline state: In general, solids might be classified in crystalline or amorphous. On the one hand, the crystalline solids comprise a regular set of molecules, atoms or ions into a rigid lattice which is characteristic of each substance. Thus, most crystals are anisotropic (the cubic system is an exception), namely, depending of the direction in which their properties are measured they can change. On the other hand, the amorphous solids were considered to be disordered crystalline solids (Stachurski, 2011) but many amorphous solids do not have a crystalline form, therefore, amorphous solids could be defined as substances with a random arrangement of atoms or molecules. Thus, amorphous solids are isotropic because their properties do not vary with the direction they are measured. Some examples of amorphous materials are glass, metals, polymers or thin films. Amorphous solids are less stable than crystalline ones and they can be converted into a desirable shape by molding them (Colfen and Meldrum, 20 08). This provides them importance in the crystallization field since they can work as amorphous precursors to form crystalline phases. Crystalline material can be divided in single crystals and polycrystalline materials. On the one hand, a perfect single crystal could be defined as a crystalline solid with a continuous and unbroken lattice and with no grain boundaries. However, single crystals without defects or dislocations are very difficult to find in the nature or to synthetize in a laboratory. Thus, single crystals with curved surfaces are characteristic of many biominerals. Moreover, a definition just based in the crystal lattice imperfections is not possible because for example a polycrystal or a mesocrystal show the same diffraction of a single crystal, making it difficult distinguish them. Therefore, a practical definition for a single crystal was given by Colfen and Meldrum (2008) such â€Å"a single crystal is a solid body with a large coherence length, which shows a diffraction behaviour characteristic of a perfect three-dimensional alignment of its building units†. On the other hand, a polycrysta lline particle is formed when single crystals or grains are agregated together in random orientations. A substance with the ability of crystallizing into different crystal structures shows polymorphism. The different polymorphs of a substance are chemically identical but exhibit different physical properties. Polymorphism is important in different fields such as pharmaceuticals, pigments, foods or agrochemicals because the properties of the solid-state structure depend on the polymorph. Hence, the study of how to predict and control the polymorphism is a field of high interest. Changes in the temperature, solvent or the use of additives can be used to control the formation of different polymorphs. Examples of different solids that present polymorphism are Calcium Carbonate which can crystallize in three polymorphs namely calite, aragonite and vaterite, or Carbon with its two polymorphs graphite and diamond. The crystals can be classified into different general systems according to the table below. Table1. The seven crystal systems. Copied from ref. Different polymorphs can have different crystal system, for example the Silicon dioxide crystallize in three polymorphs namely cristobalite (regular), tridymite (hexagonal) and quartz (trigonal). They also can present different habit which is the shape that a crystal adopts depending on the occupation of each crystal face and the grade of growth of each face. The crystals might grow faster in one direction than in another and it confers them different forms or habits. Unless is not the most common, some polymorphs can have the same crystal habit. Many crystals show some form of aggregation or intergrowth that is indicative of impurity. These composite crystals may appear in symmetrical forms or in random clusters. Some kinds of aggregation are the parallel growth or the twinning. In the parallel growth one form of a substance grow on the top of another form, the faces and edges of these forms are parallel. Twinning is a way of intergrown between two individuals with similar form which are joined symmetrically about an axis or a plane. 2. Crystallisation: The solubility of a substance is the maximum quantity of solute that is dissolved in a given amount of solvent. When the concentration of the solution exceeds the solubility, the solution is supersaturated and the precipitation is driven. The supersaturation, S is defined with the following equation where c is the concentration of the species and ksp is the equilibrium molecular solubility product. 2.1. Classical or primary crystallization: Once the system is supersaturated, the first particles can grow from solution when a critical nucleus of the new phase is formed. This is the crystallization process in which nucleation is followed by crystal growth. 2.1.1. Nucleation: The nucleation is called classical when the systems do not contain crystalline matter. In classical crystallization the crystal is formed under low reactant and additive concentrations and it is driven under thermodynamic control. Classical nucleation can be divided into two groups. Nucleation if the first formation of the solid phase and is caused by the molecules, atoms or ions aggregation in a saturated solution where the nucleus prefer grow than redissolve. The nucleation can occur spontaneously or being induced artificially and it can be divided in two different types: On the one hand, the homogeneous nucleation occurs when in a supersaturated solution a stable nucleus is formed spontaneously. It is a difficult process where the molecules are coagulated and become orientated into a fixed lattice. A stable nucleus can be result of following collisions between the molecules in solution. Moreover, all the molecules have the same size before growing which is called the critical size rc. The particles smaller than rc will redissolve and the particles larger than rc will continue to the next stage, the crystal growing. On the other hand, the heterogeneous nucleation is induced by surfaces, dust or foreign nuclei present in the solution. This kind of nucleation is common at lower supersaturation levels and is more frequent than homogeneous nucleation which is not a common event because is practically impossible to have a solution completely free of foreign bodies. The barrier of energy decreases in heterogeneous nucleation because there are surfaces available to nucleation in solution. However in a solution with impurities homogeneous nucleation can also occur despite of the heterogeneous one will dominate. 2.1.1. Crystal growth: When a particle larger than the critical size is formed in a supersaturated solution, it starts to grow into a larger size crystal. Crystal growth is a process based in a diffusion of solute molecules or ions from solution to the particle surface followed by an integration process. Therefore, the two principal steps of the crystal growth are: -Diffusion and/or convection mass transport from the liquid phase to the crystal surface. -Surface integration by the incorporation of material into the crystal lattice. This process starts when the particle adsorb a growth unit on its surface. Secondly, the solvation shell of the crystal is lost and the growth unit diffuses into the adsorption layer. Finally, when the growth unit finds a point to be built into the lattice, the solvation shell is completely lost and the growth unit is incorporated to the lattice. The rate of the crystal growth makes variations in the shape of the crystals. Thus, depending on the growth rates, the crystallographic faces of a crystal change. Moreover, crystals with different sizes are obtained depending of the predominance of nucleation or crystal growth. 2.2. Non-classical or secondary crystallization: When the nucleation can be induced by the presence of existing crystals is called non-classical nucleation. In this nucleation, the concentrations of reactant and additives are higher. The high amount of precipitating material produces that crystal nucleus can be formed and grown to nanoparticles which can be aggregated and form polycrystalline particles. However, the nanoparticles aggregation process can be controlled by the use of additives to produce single crystals. Thus, solute crystals present or added in a supersaturated solution make that the nucleation occurs more easily and in a more reproducible way. The single crystals formed by non-classical nucleation are always formed from precursor nanoparticles which can interact and orient themselves into crystalline register. Finally these nanoparticles are attract by der Waal forces and can fuse together into a homogeneous single crystal. The shape of this single crystal is difficult to predict because this process occurs usually by a fast and kinetically controlled pathway. Meldrum and Colfen (2008) described some crystallisation processes that take place by a non-classical nucleation such as the formation of intermediary clusters, the crystallization via amorphous intermediates or the mesocrystallization. The mechanism of non-classical nucleation involves transient particles precursor which are difficult to detect. Thus, the crystallisation is independent of ion products or solubility because the precursor particles are formed independently at different locations. An interesting case of precursor particles are the mesocrystals which are defined as â€Å"colloidal crystals that are build up from individual nanocrystals† (Meldrum and Colfen, 2008). Mesolcrystals are difficult to detect because they have practically the same morphologies and diffraction patterns than single crystals. It was shown that single crystals can be formed by non-classical nucleation via mesocrystal precursor in presence of inh ibitor additives which assist the crystallisation through intermediates (amorphous, metastable or mesocrystals). A schematic representation of classical and non-classical crystallisation pathways is shown in Figure .. Pathway (a) shows the classical crystallisation (in blue) where nucleation clusters appear after nucleation step and they grow to form primary nanoparticles which are amplified to form single crystals. In green is shown the non-classical crystallisation where different intermediates can be formed. The primary nanoparticles can be oriented and interact forming iso-oriented crystals that fuse to form single crystals (b). Primary nanoparticles can also be stabilized and form mesocrystals that fuse to finally form single crystals (c). Finally, amorphous particles can be formed transforming in complicated morphologies (d). Figure 3. Schematic representation of classical (blue) and non-classical nucleation (green). Copied from reference

The Three Main Aspects Of Globalisation Economics Essay

The Three Main Aspects Of Globalisation Economics Essay Assignment questions The current global downturn, the worst since the Great Depression 70 years ago, pounded the last nail into the coffin of globalization. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ I believe à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ that deglobalization is an opportunity. Walden Bello, The virtues of deglobalization, 3 September 2009, at http://www.fpif.org/articles/the_virtues_of_deglobalization. In a year when the Doha round of trade negotiations is technically doable, according to World Trade Organisation Director-General Pascal Lamy, discuss the issues raised by Walden Bello. Table of Contents Introduction WTO was born in 1995, with the main objectives of establishing the rules and encouraging the trades among nations (World Trade Organisation 2010). Institutions goal could be traced back to Bretton Woods system, set up to stabilizing world monetary system. To promote cooperation, Ministerial Conference has been set up once every two years as a stage for brainstorming of the ideas and concerns. At 2001 meeting in Doha, Doha Development Agenda, known as Doha round, was initiated. Though initially focused on disassembling impediment to trade for poor countries, its emphasis has been further to include globalisation and facilitation of world trade because it is perceived as an engine of growth and sharing of prosperity; it transfers capital, expands export, introduces new technology, promotes women as labour forces, and maximises wealth to trade (Fergusson 2008). Pascal Lamy, WTO chief, stated in 2010 that Doha round would ensure greater predictability and security, the value of which has been proven in the recent crisis. Though it is difficult to overcome trade impediment and negotiation issues, in November 2011 the roadmap for globalisation cooperation is agreed to be Technically Doable (Trade law centre for southern Africa 2010). Though globalisation sounds very promising, there also have been many critiques on the idea. First, globalisation has been argued to be a greedy tool of developed nations to colonize developing countries through economic control; Globalisation drives out local competitors, increases imports, drains profits out of countries, allows developed nations to exploit natural resources of developing countries, and exhausts non-renewable resources. Moreover, with the 2008 global financial crisis, globalisation was seen as a conveyance of economic depression rather than a driver of prosperity. Every country has adopted a more protectionism attitude towards foreign investment. Bello, one of the leading critics of globalisation, suggested his idea of the deglobalisation paradigm, looking at nationalization as an opportunity and a more stabilized alternative to growth. He has, instead, asked the states to emphasise trade in national rather than global level, protect local economy, upgrade quality of life, and support regional more than global institutions (Bello 2009). Figure 1 The globalisation or deglobalisation So is globalisation really beneficial or disadvantage to the participants? Is Doha Round belief correct that globalisation is a way to increase trade cooperation? Is Walden Bello right about his deglobalisation paradigm? Attempting to scrutinize this dilemma, this report will try to examine from both aspects with arguments from those who support as well as critique of globalisation, explore the costs and benefits of globalisation and, ultimately, seek the answer to the question: how the nations could maximize the benefits and minimize and limits the costs of globalisations? Supporter of Globalisation Globalisation has three main aspects which are economic, political and socio-cultural (University of Leicester 2009). Economic aspect focuses on the integration of global economies as well as flow of trade and capital across nation borders. Socio-cultural aspect emphasises on the exchanging of social and culture. Social aspect includes lifestyle, perception, and communication. Culture includes value, belief, tradition, and norm. The political aspect targets on interchange of political contact among countries (Held & McGrew 2005). The pros of globalisation would be explored through these mentioned aspects. Figure 2 three main aspects of globalisation Economic aspect Globalisation has encouraged more trades and increased the flow of capital among nations; For instance, businesses can seek their funding from foreign banks that offer the most competitive interest rate (Bhagwati 2004). MNEs have more flexibility to operate as well as locate their operations in any countries that offer advantages (e.g. cheaper labour cost or closer proximity with the customers); For example, many US corporations moved their labour intensive productions to China because Chinese workers have lower wage than the American counterpart. As a result, the world consumers can purchase goods and services at a lower price. Moreover, economic opportunity has been expanded, from domestic to regional and global consumers, as technology such as internet or cheaper transportation make possible for people to seek out new business connections (e.g. franchise). With more players selling the same goods to target customers, competition is increased; consumers will get the benefit of chea per price. There are many institutions among countries to encourage economic collaboration such as WTO, OPEC, APEC, ASEAN, EU and UNCTAD. Socio-cultural aspect Nowadays, the communication, information exchange, and mass media have been raised. This helps reduce the communication barrier so that people from different culture, life style, and society have more understanding of each other (Tomlinson 1999); For example, internet helps people to communicate easier and to find the information (such as news, fashion trend, education). Moreover, many US and UK universities open the opportunity by offering distant learning program with granted degree for foreign students who cannot afford high cost of living in the countries. This could help those people to improve their quality of life. Some problems such as poverty, health care, gender equality, child labour, and global warming are difficult or impossible to solve by individual nation. Globalisation has made such issues global awareness and concerns. It encourages harmony and willing from every country to help combat the problems (e.g. the global warming meeting held in Denmark). There are many in ternational organizations that help promote collaborations and tackle socio-cultural issues such as UNICEF, UNEP, UNESCO, and WHO. Political aspect Political tension was no longer individual problems between conflicting nations. Poverty in the Caribbean means more drugs on the streets in Washington and London. Conflict in the Balkans causes more refugees in Germany and here in the UK (Stiastny 1999). These problems can only be addressed by international co-operation. Globalisation promotes the circumstance of state interaction. Whether nations like it or not, we are all internationalists. There are a lot of collaborate institution among countries to strengthen the political collaboration UN, EU, and G7. Many conflicts were encouraged to be solved through peaceful approach, such as negotiation. After the end of cold war, globalisation inspires nations to develop friendly relationship, to help nations work together to improve quality of life, and achieve world harmony. Anti-Globalisation Globalisation became an unending controversy (Bhagwati 2004). Many critics are against globalisation because they can notice its disadvantages. To analyse how negative of the globalisation, the cons of globalisation would be seen through the same aspects as the benefits has seen through. Economic aspect According to the labour flow has distributed from developed countries to developing countries because the corporations always focus on maximising profit and try to find the lowest labour cost. The developing countries obviously have lower labour cost than developed countries. While job is increasing in developing countries, this make developed countries people losing job as well, especially for labour level. There are also many moments of crisis occur from globalist project such as Asian financial crisis (1997), the collapse of WTO Ministerial conference in Seattle (1999), and the collapse of stock market in Clinton boom (Bello 2004). Moreover, when the depression happens to one country, it will easily spread to other countries. For example, Greece great crisis heavily impact to countries in Europe zone and other countries in the world. This is because the crisis has reduced the investors confidence. Then this made Euro currency drop sharply as well. For another example, the root cause of the hamburger crisis may not be directly from globalisation. However, the globalisation stimulates and spread its effect throughout the world. Socio-cultural aspect Globalisation made the flow of culture happened, for example, the American and Western culture spread all over the world. The more powerful countries cultures have weakened the cultures of the others. The private corporations, which have the capital to invest, will have influence over the countries, in the case of media, society, and individual. Because of wider range of transportation and communication in the world, the decease will be easily spread from one country to another country. For instance, the Swine flu, which started from Mexico, distribute to other countries all over the world. Increase of environmental concerns and sustainability in developing countries because the distribution of factory, especially the polluting making factory, from developed countries to developing countries. Moreover, the war could be happened from competing for the world resources such as oil, coal, and iron. Political aspect Cerny (1997:251) states that the transformation of the nation-state into a competition state lies at the heart of political globalization. The less developed countries maybe at disadvantage and losing of control from developed countries. The illegal trade in drugs, arms, intellectual property, people, and money is booming. Like the war on terrorism, the fight to control these illicit markets pits governments against agile, stateless, and resourceful networks empowered by globalisation. Governments will continue to lose these wars until they adopt new strategies to deal with a larger, unprecedented struggle that now shapes the world as much as confrontations between nation states once did. (Naim 2003) How to make it works? In the previous sections, the benefits and disadvantages of globalisation were discussed. Both aspects seem to have good reasons to support the arguments. To seek the ultimate answer to the question that is globalisation good or bad? we may come to the point to accept the fact that globalisation is both. It depends on many interacting and interdependent forces that are the product of the dynamics of conflict and collaboration. Therefore, it is almost impossible to define singlehandedly that whether the globalisation is always good or bad. The emerging and more practical question is that how could state maximise the benefits and minimise the impact brought about by globalisation? To answer the question, Dicken (2010) suggested that countries should balance the forces of globalisation and anti-globalisation by sticking to the facts and that they should design and enact essential policies to both exploit the positive consequence and, at the same time, limit negative effect of globalisat ion. The major policies adopted by the states could be broken down into four main categories which are trade strategies, foreign direct investment (FDI) strategies, industry strategies, and labour market strategies. Figure 3 Striking balance between benefits and costs by state policies Political Policy Globalisation leads to a creation of corporation and discussion space, with the increasing trend towards emergence of international organization such as UN. Government should recognize the benefits of participation and collaboration through such international stage. For example, the suspected development of Nuclear weapon and Submarine conflict between North Korea and South Korea heighten the political tensions and threatened both countries to engage in war which would not be beneficial to both parties and would not be appreciated by other countries. South Korea developed a strategy to pressure North Korea through international stage by bringing the topic and concern to UN. Under the spotlight of globalisation, North Korea was under pressure to alter its stance and forced to negotiate or threatened sanctioned by other countries. Such example stresses on the political policy that becomes even more important tool of government that can help achieve states interest or goal. Trade Policy Trade policy includes import and export trading. The objectives of trade policy against imports are controlling import quotas, import licenses, rule of origin, subsidies to domestic producers, and protecting domestic firms from unfair competition. Also, the objectives of this policy against exports are setting export targets, creating free trade zone, and control voluntary export restraint. The example of major trade agreement among countries government are EU, NAFTA, AFTA, EFTA, and ASEAN. For example, China and U.S. are the world second and third largest exporter of Textile products (World Trade Organization 2010). U.S. textile industry got impact from low cost textile from China which distress local U.S. producers. U.S. government granted policy to limit import cheap cloth from China and influence export in this industry to China. Moreover, U.S. tries to influence WTO committee to oppose China from WTO because China heavily subsidise its textile industry and manipulate its currenc y to gain export advantages. U.S. government also granted trade agreements with several countries, such as the U.S. Korean Free Trade Agreement (KORUS), to reduce the U.S. job losses from original text favours Korean textile exporters (National Council of Textile Organization 2011). These policies accent on the trade policy that government enforcing its current trade rules. Foreign Direct Investment Policy There are two main categories of FDI polices which are inward investment by foreign firms and outward investment by national firms. Normally, the inward investment by foreign firms has more concerns. For example, Tesco, UKs largest retailer, firstly enter to Thailand in 1998 (Tesco Plc 2011). From this coming investment, there are both advantages and disadvantages to Thailands economy which need governments hand to maximise benefits and reduce costs. On one hand, for employment aspect, this big investment helps local people, especially who lost jobs from Asian crisis in 1997, had jobs in the stores and offices. Nowadays Tesco Thailand is holding approximately thirty thousand local employees and continuously having plans to develop its human resources. On the other hand, there are many local grocery stores in Thailand which sell goods on average price. When Tesco came with bigger scale of operation, hence higher bargaining power with suppliers, Tesco could sell goods on lower price an d wider range of products. Previously, local grocery stores still had more benefit on location because Tesco did not have much stores but nowadays Tesco was distributed to most of cities in Thailand. This made local stores lost customers, lost revenues, and cannot stand. From this concern, government should have foreign direct investment policy to protect its both local stores and people by setting price limit not too high and not too low which will affect each other. This help both parties can live together with no exploit each other and maximise the benefits to country. Industrial Policy Industry policy has main objectives to support declining industries, encourages strategic industries, stimulate new industries, develop depressed areas, and encourage entrepreneurship. For example, the industrial policy helps many industries in Europe countries to seize the opportunities in global business environment. EU emphasis on technology and ICT skill to help investors and businesses in any industries engage in sustainable and profitable. EU industry would therefore benefit from the fast-growing world market provided by globalisation. In other words, Europe would see rising industrial output, employment, and incomes over the coming decade. The government should give more attention to this policy. Cultural Policy Cultural policy is the government policy which related to national culture and art. The main functions of cultural policy are to promote diversity, accessibility, and heritage of culture. For example, for as long as internet has occurred, China has controlled and monitored its citizens how they use the internet. China government regulates the internet censorship for Chinese internet users via China firewall (James 2009). Although, there are many critiques throughout the world on this censorship, China still blocks and filter some websites that may be sensitive to its society and culture such as democracy topics. China believes that this could prevent its culture to be assimilated from the culture of other countries. For another example, the government from five countries, which are Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine, create culture exchange program, called Kyiv Initiative, which address on the cultural collaboration issues and cultural exchange among five countries. Th is strategic direction is very much in line with much contemporary thinking in European cultural policy, where there is a similar emphasis on regional and transnational co-operation, e.g. partnerships, networks, artistic mobility, collaboration between cities etc (Council of Europe 2006). Conclusion While Bello (2009) stated that deglobalisation is an opportunity, Lamy (Trade law centre for southern Africa 2010) said in completion of Doha Round session that globalisation is technically doable. To find the final answer, we should compound both perspective and let us see is it desirable? How to make it desirable? According to globalisation have benefits, risks, costs, and disadvantages. Then, to extract most advantages of out of globalisation, government should realise the major areas of potential impact from globalisation. If promises of globalisation are a dream, Bello is the wakeup calls for everyone who is enjoying that dream. From the previous sections, the suggestion is that the perspectives that government should adopt is neither globalisation nor deglobalisation but the ultimate decision of government should strike balance between globalisation and deglobalisation, not too extreme to only one side, to get the best way for its own country and the world. The nation need state intervention through state policy and also need learning process of government to maximize benefits and maintain an impact from globalisation. The corporation among the countries is also crucial. In today world, everyone is talking about gaining competitive advantages. Government is no exception. Usually, gaining competitive advantage means benefits for themselves but on others expenses. From previous sections, we can see that globalisation has both costs and benefits. Also, now we know how government could manage to extract those benefits and defence those costs. In my opinion, government should defence their benefits from other countries. In the mean time, government should implement the globalisation as win-win situation. Government should think and realize thoroughly because they can defence the other countries that tries to extract benefit on them. Draw benefit on our expense. Realise that best benefit man not come only for itself but collaboration to maxim ize well being. Growing and sustainable together. Now its the learning time how every country should behalf to get benefit from globalisation. Nowadays, the internet is one of engine to propel the globalisation. The Internet is a medium that allows people to communicate and interact with one another throughout the world.

Censorship and Internet Essay -- essays research papers

Censorship and the Internet The Internet is the fastest growing and largest tool for mass communication and information distribution in the world. People use the Internet for communication, expressing their opinions, or obtaining unlimited information access. Nowadays, the issue of wether is it necessary to have censorship on the Internet is being argued all over the world. Censoring the Internet can protect children from strangers, filter unpleasant material and prevent young people imitating negative behaviour. However, it is apparent that filtering the Internet is against the freedom of information, anti-educational and it is difficult to develop people’s ideas and views. This essay aims to discuss the issue of restricted information on the Internet. It will be argued that censorship of the Internet interferes with people having a broad range of ideas, views and experiences. It could be argued that Internet censorship might protect children from interacting one-on-one with strangers on the Internet. Children are innocent, so they often trust stranger who they talk with via the Internet. According to National Opinion Poll (2000, cited in Allbon & Williams 2002:1), for the sake of receiving free samples, gifts or information or even to start up a friendship, one third of 7-16-year-old Internet users would give out their home address. Furthermore, a study by National Academic Press (2002:3) indicates that chatting with strangers is the potential harm to children becaus...

Action and Observation in Shakespeares King Lear Essay -- King Lear E

Action and Observation in King Lear      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Auden once asserted that Shakespearean tragedy is necessarily parabolic, pertaining to the only myth that Christianity possesses: that of the 'unrepentant thief'. We as the spectators are thus implicated in the action since each of us 'is in danger of re-enacting [this story] in his own way'.1 The sufferings of the hero could be our own sufferings, whereas in Greek tragedy, such a notion is precluded precisely because the misfortunes of a character can be traced back to the discontent of the gods. Hippolytus is not a moral agent; Hamlet is. The aesthetic of Shakespearean tragedy is therefore dynamic, with an audience that, to a certain extent, are also participants. Auden proposes a model of observing based upon an Aristotelian conception of drama, one that involves the spectator in an emotional relationship with the characters on stage. King Lear too, offers the audience several quite distinct paradigms of both observation and action, and crucially, it is on the var ying successes of these models that the tragedy hinges.    One does not need to look far in King Lear for a figure that might fit Auden's mould. Kent surely embodies that which Schlegel termed the 'science of compassion' in the play.2 He is publicly traduced and humiliated by Lear in Act I, Scene 1, and yet, in the guise of Caius, risks his life in order to serve his king still. Kent observes Lear's 'hideous rashness' (I.i.153) and he is motivated into participating in his master's sufferings:    I have a journey, sir, shortly to go; My master calls me; I must not say no. (V.iii.323-324)    The simple rhyme, metric balance, and monosyllabic plainness of this couplet infuse the lines with a sen... ...onathan Bates, Penguin 1992, p. 381 3 Samuel Johnson, Johnson as Critic, ed. John Wain, Routledge & Kegan Paul 1973, pp. 216-217 4 John Willet, The Theatre of Bertolt Brecht, Methuen 1964, p.170 5 Ibid, p.172 6 Euripides, Alcestis and other plays, trans. John Davie, Penguin 1996, p.80 7 The Romantics on Shakespeare, ed. Jonathan Bates, Penguin 1992, p. 390 8 Kiernan Ryan, 'King Lear: The Subversive Imagination' in New Casebooks: King Lear, ed. Kiernan Ryan, Macmillan 1993, p.80 9 A. C. Bradley, Shakespearian Tragedy, Macmillan 1908, p.55 10 W. H. Auden, The Dyer's Hand and Other Essays, Vintage New York 1989, p.201 11 Harold Bloom, Shakespeare: The Invention of the Human, Fourth Estate 1999, p.481 12 William Blake, 'The Marriage of Heaven and Hell' (plate 3 lines 11-12) in The Complete Poems, Penguin 1977, p.181    Action and Observation in Shakespeare's King Lear Essay -- King Lear E Action and Observation in King Lear      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Auden once asserted that Shakespearean tragedy is necessarily parabolic, pertaining to the only myth that Christianity possesses: that of the 'unrepentant thief'. We as the spectators are thus implicated in the action since each of us 'is in danger of re-enacting [this story] in his own way'.1 The sufferings of the hero could be our own sufferings, whereas in Greek tragedy, such a notion is precluded precisely because the misfortunes of a character can be traced back to the discontent of the gods. Hippolytus is not a moral agent; Hamlet is. The aesthetic of Shakespearean tragedy is therefore dynamic, with an audience that, to a certain extent, are also participants. Auden proposes a model of observing based upon an Aristotelian conception of drama, one that involves the spectator in an emotional relationship with the characters on stage. King Lear too, offers the audience several quite distinct paradigms of both observation and action, and crucially, it is on the var ying successes of these models that the tragedy hinges.    One does not need to look far in King Lear for a figure that might fit Auden's mould. Kent surely embodies that which Schlegel termed the 'science of compassion' in the play.2 He is publicly traduced and humiliated by Lear in Act I, Scene 1, and yet, in the guise of Caius, risks his life in order to serve his king still. Kent observes Lear's 'hideous rashness' (I.i.153) and he is motivated into participating in his master's sufferings:    I have a journey, sir, shortly to go; My master calls me; I must not say no. (V.iii.323-324)    The simple rhyme, metric balance, and monosyllabic plainness of this couplet infuse the lines with a sen... ...onathan Bates, Penguin 1992, p. 381 3 Samuel Johnson, Johnson as Critic, ed. John Wain, Routledge & Kegan Paul 1973, pp. 216-217 4 John Willet, The Theatre of Bertolt Brecht, Methuen 1964, p.170 5 Ibid, p.172 6 Euripides, Alcestis and other plays, trans. John Davie, Penguin 1996, p.80 7 The Romantics on Shakespeare, ed. Jonathan Bates, Penguin 1992, p. 390 8 Kiernan Ryan, 'King Lear: The Subversive Imagination' in New Casebooks: King Lear, ed. Kiernan Ryan, Macmillan 1993, p.80 9 A. C. Bradley, Shakespearian Tragedy, Macmillan 1908, p.55 10 W. H. Auden, The Dyer's Hand and Other Essays, Vintage New York 1989, p.201 11 Harold Bloom, Shakespeare: The Invention of the Human, Fourth Estate 1999, p.481 12 William Blake, 'The Marriage of Heaven and Hell' (plate 3 lines 11-12) in The Complete Poems, Penguin 1977, p.181   

Medical Malpractice

How do we quantify pain and suffering? This question should be answered satisfactorily before people could even attempt to debate whether or not to impose limits on recovery in medical malpractice cases. Undoubtedly, it is difficult to talk about limits on damage awards without a standardized costing system which would guide the proper authorities to come up with a fair determination of the damages done to victims of medical malpractice. Since there is no such system, the task of ascertaining the extent of damage inflicted on victims is usually left to the country’s judicial system which decides the issue on a case-to-case basis. This being the case, setting a maximum limit or a cap on the amount that could be awarded to victims would be very difficult to justify because such an act would be highly discriminatory. For instance, a cap of $200,000 would mean that claimants could not be awarded with more than said amount. The unfairness of this system would be immediately evident in a situation where two individuals suffer the loss of their upper limbs, the first victim losing one and the second suffering from the loss of both limbs. The court could award $140,000 to the first victim who loses one limb, for example, but the claim of the second victim would be limited to $200,000 despite losing both limbs. What it would amount to is that the other limb lost by the second victim would only be compensated with $60,000. In this example, the second victim is not compensated fairly for his/her loss. Setting a cap therefore discriminates against the victim who suffers more. (Hiatt, 2002) Another question worth asking is: Who stands to gain if we do limit recovery? If the first question tends to be highly contentious, this second question involves a cut-and-dried issue because the answer is rather obvious. Putting a cap on awards granted in connection with medical malpractice cases favors only the medical practitioners who commit the act to the utter detriment of the victims. In other words, setting such a cap would treat the victims unfairly and favor the perpetrators. This, too, is discrimination. Some quarters attempt to justify this act by saying that providing for a maximum limit to recovery is a way of stemming the spiraling cost of health care in the country. Opponents, however, argue that this is not only deceptive but unconstitutional as well. (Hiatt, 2002) Critics of a cap on damage awards argue that it violates the Fourteenth Amendment which provides â€Å"equal protection† to all Americans. As illustrated earlier, a cap denies â€Å"equal protection† to those victims who suffer more, because they could not claim compensation beyond what the statutory cap allows. This was cited in Jones v. State Board of Medicine where the court declared unconstitutional the 1975 Hospital-Medical Liability Act passed by Idaho because it failed to treat victims of malpractice equally. In other words under the Act, the claimants whose injuries were deemed below the cap received full compensation while those whose damages exceeded the limit were denied the opportunity to recover fully because they were not awarded full compensation. (Hiatt, 2002) Another objection voiced against putting a cap on damage awards is the fact that it violates the individual’s â€Å"right to trial by jury.† Under the law, evaluating the extent of damages is a function of a jury. In the presence of a cap, the role of the jury is limited only up to the extent of the cap – in effect, interfering with the constitutional duty of a jury. In Boyd v. Bulala, the opinion of the federal district court was that the cap of $750,000 on damage awards set by the state of Virginia â€Å"violated the right to trial by jury provided for by both federal and state constitutions.† (Hiatt, 2002) It is clear from the foregoing discussion that limiting the recovery in medical malpractice cases is very prejudicial to the interests of the victims. In the interest of fairness, every malpractice case should be deliberated on by a jury based on its own merits and the extent of damage award be assessed without the constraints of a cap. This will give every victim of medical malpractice cases the much-needed opportunity for a full recovery. Reference Hiatt, M.D. (2002). Caps on Damage Awards in Medical Malpractice Cases: Constitutional Challenges. Retrieved October 28, 2007 from http://jpands.org/hacienda/hiatt1.html